The featured programs for the Courts & Judicial Process Topic http://www.c-spanvideo.org/browse?topic=428 en-US Copyright 2013, National Cable Satellite Corporation info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Thu, 23 May 2013 22:57:29 GMT Top Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Treasury Department officials testified about practices and culture within the IRS, as well as revelations that the IRS had inappropriately scrutinized conservative non-profit organizations applying for tax-exempt status. Lois Lerner made a brief statement denying any wrong-doing before invoking her Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination.. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312879-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312879-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT First lady Michelle Obama delivered the commencement address to the graduating class of Bowie State University. She talked about the importance of education, the history of the struggle of black people to become educated, and urged the graduates of the historically black university to pass their desire for education on to future generations. She also paid tribute to parents, saying 'Their sacrifice is your legacy.' The ceremony was held at the Comcast Center on the University of Maryland, College Park campus. Mrs. Obama was wearing the hood of the honorary doctor of laws degree she had just received. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312811-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312811-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder testified about Justice Department investigations, including revelations that the Justice Department had gathered two months of telephone records of Associated Press (AP) personnel from April and May 2012. The records included incoming and outgoing calls, how long each call lasted, the phone numbers of various reporters and editors and other information. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312727-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312727-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Jay Carney spoke to reporters and answered questions on a number of issues including the IRS audits of non-profit organizations, the Department of Justice and Associated Press phone records, and the Benghazi, Libya talking points. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312735-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312735-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Peter Sagal talked about the PBS month-long series he hosted, "Constitution USA," and he responded to viewer telephone calls and electronic communications. The program examined how the U.S. Constitution actually works, as opposed to "how everybody seems to think it should work." Topics included the themes of each of the series' four parts, and why he rode a motorcycle around the country to conduct research. Two clips of the program were shown. "Constitution USA" was to premiere on PBS on May 7, 2013. Mr. Sagal participated from New York City. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312547-5 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312547-5 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre, President David Keene, and Chief Lobbyist Chris Cox gave keynote addresses at the National Rifle Association's annual meeting at the George Brown Convention Center in Houston, Texas. The main topic was gun owners' rights and congressional action on gun laws. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312522-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312522-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Associate Justice Clarence Thomas spoke to college students about his life and career. He focused on the state of racial relations, the operations of the Supreme Court, and pursuing a career in the law. Among the wide range of other topics were his early life, advice he received from Thurgood Marshall, the Anita Hill controversy, his conservatism, faith, the media, and the Court's relationship with President Obama. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311996-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311996-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama held a news conference in the White House Briefing Room. Questions focused on a number of issues including reported use of chemical weapons in Syria, the Boston Marathon bombing investigation, budget and sequestration issues, health care reform implementation, and immigration policy. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312454-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312454-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama delivered a statement following the arrest of the second suspect in the April 15, 2013 bombing at the Boston Marathon. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312282-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312282-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Special Agent Rick Deslauriers briefed reporters and answered questions on the investigation into bomb explosions at the Boston Marathon. He released photographs of two individuals with backpacks that were wanted for questioning in the case. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312256-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312256-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama and others spoke at an interfaith service to remember the wounded, victims and families of those killed in a bombing incident at the Boston Marathon. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312222-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312222-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama spoke about "common-sense" gun control reforms following the defeat of a series of amendment votes in the Senate, including the Manchin-Toomey Amendment expanding background checks. In his remarks he said that it was a "shameful" day in Washington and strongly criticized the gun lobby for "willfully lying" about its position on the bipartisan legislation. He was joined by former Representative Gabriel Giffords and other victims of gun violence. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312188-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312188-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama spoke to reporters about the federal investigation of the bombings near the finish line of the Boston Marathon the previous day. He said the Federal Bureau of Investigation was treating the incident as an act of terror, but cautioned against assigning blame for the incident. He also extended sympathies to victims and praised citizens for their assistance in the aftermath of the explosions. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312149-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312149-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Steven Emerson talked about the latest developments in the Boston Marathon Bombing. He responded to telephone calls and electronic communications. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312142-7 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312142-7 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama spoke to reporters about bomb explosions that detonated near the finish line of the Boston Marathon that day. He expressed his sympathies for the victims and said that the federal government would provide any assistance requested in the investigation and prosecution of the incident. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312115-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312115-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Documentary filmmaker Ken Burns discussed his new documentary [The Central Park Five]. It tells the story of five black and Latino teens who were wrongly convicted of raping a jogger in New York City's Central Park in 1989. He talked about the police investigation, detailing the exculpatory evidence and inconsistencies that were ignored by law enforcement, the media, and the public at large, and about racial prejudice in the criminal justice system. Mr. Burns responded to questions submitted by members of the audience at the National Press Club Luncheon. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312068-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312068-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Senate agreed to proceeding with debate on gun violence. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312057-5 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/312057-5 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Vice President Biden and Attorney General Holder spoke to reporters about efforts to reduce gun violence and gun control legislation being considered in Congress. They warned against a filibuster by Senate Republicans and urged the Congress to allow public votes on the measures. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311990-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311990-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Larry Pratt talked about Gun Owners of America and its opposition to gun control measures such as universal background checks, assault weapons bans, and stricter gun trafficking laws. Topics included the differences between his group and the National Rifle Association, allowing teachers to carry concealed weapons at schools, and Mayors Against Illegal Guns. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311939-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311939-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Asa Hutchinson outlined the findings of the National School Shield Initiative (NSSI) task force report on increasing school safety. NSSI was commissioned by the National Rifle Association (NRA). One of the recommendations was that school teachers be allowed to carry firearms if they receive proper training. In his comments Mr. Hutchinson said NSSI, working independently of the NRA, did not consider the potential impact of expanding background checks or banning high-capacity ammunition magazines. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311859-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311859-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama urged Congress to pass legislation that would, among other measures, strengthen background check laws for firearms purchases. He warned that interest groups opposed to gun violence reduction legislation were trying to delay the process, hoping that attention to the issue would wane as the the December 2012 Connecticut elementary school shooting faded from the public's mind. President Obama made these remarks at a White House event attended by mothers of gun violence victims. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311807-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311807-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Supreme Court heard oral argument in [United States v. Windsor], the challenge to the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). At issue was whether the Court had jurisdiction to rule on the federal government's case, and whether the House Republican leaders as defenders of DOMA had Article III "standing" to pursue their appeal. After arguments on jurisdiction, issues of the constitutionality of section III of DOMA were addressed. Lawyers argued over the requirement in the law that limited the definition of marriage to a union between a man and woman, thus denying federal spousal rights to same-sex marriages conferred on couples in states where the practice had been made legal. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311686-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311686-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Supreme Court heard arguments in [Hollingsworth v. Perry] on the constitutionality of California's proposition 8 law. Nearly 18,000 same-sex couples were married in California, but same-sex marriages came to a halt in November 2008, when the state's voters passed Proposition 8, which amended the state constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to get married. Questions by several justices focused on whether the central purpose of marriage was procreation, and on whether proponents of the ban had legal standing to bring the case after the state of California declined to do so when the referendum result was overturned by a federal court. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311637-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311637-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Senate Judiciary Committee passed a bill on gun trafficking largely along party lines. The legislation would toughen penalties for those who buy guns for people who cannot legally own them. The Committee also began debate on an assault weapons ban bill offered by California Senator Dianne Feinstein. That measure was not expected to get any support from committee Republicans. Other measures scheduled for consideration included bills on background checks and school safety. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311364-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311364-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder testified at a Justice Department oversight hearing. Both Republicans and Democrats pressed Mr. Holder on a Justice Department memo regarding the use of drone strikes against American citizens suspected of being terrorists. He also answered questions about his written response to a March 4 letter from Senator Rand Paul. Senator Paul asked if the Obama administration believed the president has the legal authority to use drone strikes against American citizens on U.S. soil. Mr. Holder in the letter replied that in extreme circumstances such as the attack on Pearl Harbor or the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the president could conceivably have no other option but to authorize the use of drones. Other topics included gun violence reduction and assault weapons, and the impact of sequestration budget cuts on national security. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311311-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311311-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT James Alan Fox talked about what he lists as the "Top 10 Myths About Mass Shootings." He also talked about federal and state governments' recent responses to mass shootings such as in Newtown, Connecticut, in December 2012. He said that he supported a ban on "assault weapons" but that it would not reduce the number of mass shootings. He responded to questions from members of the audience. "Mass Shootings in America: Moving Beyond Newtown" was a Ware Seminar sponsored by the Ware Colloquium on Peacemaking and the Center for Global Understanding and Peacemaking of Elizabethtown College, held in the Brossman Commons. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311092-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311092-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Alan Berlow of the Center for Public Integrity talked about background checks and the of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE). He argued that restrictions, "flimsy" laws and small budgets from Congress had severely reduced the capabilities of BATFE. He also responded to telephone calls and electronic communications. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311096-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311096-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama spoke at Hyde Park Academy, near his family home on the south side of Chicago, and shared stories about his family. He spoke about his proposals to help the middle class, education reform, the economy, and his proposal to raise the minimum wage. He renewed his call for Congress to vote on his various gun measures, and pointed to recent incidences of violence, including the murder of Hadiya Pendleton, the Chicago teenager who was killed nearby shortly after performing in President Obama's second inaugural parade. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311024-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/311024-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Former President Bill Clinton spoke to House Democrats at their retreat about the future of the party. He talked about several issues including job creation, immigration and gun control, which he described as "an opportunity, not a toxic land mine." He urged Democrats to to treat gun-owning voters as friends and neighbors. The House Democratic Issues Conference was a three-day retreat at the Lansdowne Resort in Leesburg, Virginia. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310912-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310912-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Advocates for and against stricter gun-control laws testified at a hearing on gun violence prevention. The hearing was held in part in reaction to the December 2012 elementary school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut. Former Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, who was shot in the head by a gunman at a 2011 event in her district, gave a brief statement at the opening of the hearing, urging Congress to come to a solution to prevent gun violence. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310644-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310644-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Cathy Lanier, the chief of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department, talked about the department's growth in the twenty-three years she has been a police officer. She talked about the homicide rate in Washington, D.C., dropping to its lowest in fifty-one years, the reasons for this decline, and the future growth of the D.C. metro area. Chief Lanier recounted stories of growing up in the area and dropping out of school at age 15. She joined the police force as a single mother with a ninth grade education. She talked about her career, completing her education with two master's degrees, and becoming the youngest chief in the history of the department. Other topics included, counter-terrorism, gun control, community policing, some of the criticisms of her administration over the years, and relations with the press. Chief Lanier reacted to videos including former Mayor Berry, a commencement address she delivered, an incident recorded on social media, and a press report. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310365-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310365-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama announced anti-gun violence proposals recommended by the White House task force chaired by Vice President Joe Biden. In his remarks he outlined proposals for legislative and executive actions to ban assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines, implement universal background checks for all gun buyers, and to establish mental health and school safety measures. The task force was formed in response to the December 14, 2012, elementary school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut. President Obama also read portions of letters received about gun violence by some of the children who joined him on the dais. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310411-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310411-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama held a news conference in the East Room of the White House. Among the topics he addressed were efforts to implement gun control measures following the school shooting tragedy in Newton, Connecticut, and the need to raise the debt ceiling in order for America to "pay its bills." In his remarks he called congressional Republican refusals to raise the debt ceiling "irresponsible" and "absurd," saying "they will not collect a ransom in exchange for not crashing the American economy." http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310358-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310358-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Representative Mike Thompson (D-CA), and California law enforcement, mental health, and education officials, spoke at a public forum on gun violence. They gave brief opening statements before hearing from the public in the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors meeting room in Santa Rosa, California. Representative Thompson was the chair of a Democratic congressional task force examining ways to reduce and prevent gun violence. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310301-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310301-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Governor Andrew Cuomo gave his annual state of the state address from the Empire State Plaza Convention Center in Albany. He used slides and audiovisual material as he talked about education and campaign finance reform, raising the state minimum wage, tourism in upstate New York, Hurricane Sandy, and his call for a New York state assault weapons ban in light of the elementary school shootings in nearby Newtown, Connecticut. The event also included an official recognition of public service employees and first responders who had distinguished themselves in service to the state. Courtesy of NYS Media Services Center. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310275-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310275-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Wayne LaPierre spoke about the National Rifle Association's reaction to the elementary school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut. In his remarks he called for congressional action to fund armed law enforcement officers in all public schools, and criticized the nation's entertainment industry for creating a culture of violence. His remarks were interrupted by protestors favoring gun control policies. He did not answer questions despite the event's billing as a news conference. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310072-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310072-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT In response to the elementary school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, President Obama announced the formation of a task force on gun violence reduction that would be led by Vice President Biden. Following his statement, the president answered questions from reporters, which were primarily about "fiscal cliff" negotiations and Speaker Boehner's "Plan B" proposal to avoid the fiscal cliff. "Fiscal cliff" referred to the impending tax increases and budget cuts at the end of 2012 if Congress failed to reach a new budget agreement.  http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310020-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/310020-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Judge Robert Bork delivered a speech on judicial restraint titled "A Republic - If You Can Keep It" in the inaugural address of the Joseph Story Distinguished Lecture Series. Judge Bork talked about the damage done and being done by what he believes are "activist" judges, the corruption of the Senate confirmation process, and what can be done to bring back restraint to the judicial branch and Supreme Court. Following his remarks he responded to audience members' questions. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/281801-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/281801-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama spoke at an interfaith vigil for families of the victims of the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. The shooting claimed 26 victims, including 20 children aged six and seven. In his remarks to local citizens at Sandy Point High School, President Obama read aloud the names of the victims, called on the nation to do more to prevent gun violence, and pledged the full power of the presidency in addressing the issue. During portions of the remarks muffled reaction from families in the auditorium could be heard. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309977-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309977-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Justice Stephen Breyer talked about China's judicial shortcomings, and U.S. history and the power of the Constitution. He responded to questions from members of the audience. "Constitutionalism and its Significance for China" was a session of the Brookings Institution event "Rule of Law in China: Prospects and Challenges" to launch Professor He Weifang's book [In the Name of Justice: Striving for the Rule of Law in China]. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309651-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309651-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Julian Sanchez talked about the complexities of email privacy laws, in particular for federal investigations, and he responded to telephone calls and electronic communications. Email privacy had been in the news due to the FBI's investigation of emails between former director of the CIA David Petraeus' and his biographer Paula Broadwell. Topics included the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which gave the FBI and other agencies a great deal of authority in gaining access to emails. Mr Sanchez explained some of the many assumptions that had changed during the 16 years since the law was enacted in 1986, and discussed the possibility of updating electronic privacy laws. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309509-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309509-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama spoke to reporters and answered questions in his first formal news conference since his re-election. Among the topics addressed were the resignation of General David Petraeus as CIA director, demographics of the American electorate, the state of the economy, budget negotiations and efforts to avoid the economic "fiscal cliff" in January 2013, potential cabinet appointments, and his agenda for a second term. He also strongly defended United Nations Ambassador Susan Rice against criticisms of her response to terrorist attacks in Benghazi, Libya and said he would not hesitate to nominate her as secretary of state if she was the most qualified candidate. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309441-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/309441-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Retired Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens talked about his dissent in [District of Columbia v. Heller], a case that held the Second Amendment protected an individual's right to possess a firearm for traditionally lawful purposes. Following his speech he answered questions from the moderator on [Citizens United v. FEC], the use of history in constitutional decision making, the value of oral arguments, and other topics. The program opened with a three-minute video montage of news accounts of shootings that happened around the country. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/308809-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/308809-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Michael Horowitz testified on the findings in the Department of Justice Inspector General's report on the FBI's "Fast and Furious" operation. He described a series of missteps and failures that led to the use of gun walking during two arms smuggling investigations. He said Attorney General Eric Holder first learned about the tactic from Congress, noting that other Justice Department officials either failed to recognize warning signs or did not share information when they should have. "Fast and Furious" was a government gun smuggling sting operation run by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives between 2009 and 2010 with the goal of bringing arms smuggling charges against Mexican drug cartel members. "Gun walking" was an investigative technique in which weapons were allowed to be smuggled across the Mexican border, with the intent of making arrests later. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/308241-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/308241-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Secretary Janet Napolitano, FBI Associate Deputy Director Kevin Perkins, and National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) Director Matthew Olsen testified in an annual hearing on security threats and U.S. response. The three areas of concern they identified were commercial aviation, domestic and international violent extremism, and cyber terrorism. Matthew Olsen called the U.S. consulate attack in Libya that killed Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans a terror attack, but an opportunistic attack rather than one of advanced planning. He cautioned that the investigation was ongoing. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/308260-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/308260-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT David Martosko and Dave Kope spoke about personal freedoms and gun rights at the Independence Institute's annual Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Party that the organization created in protest of what they call the growing "nanny state." Topics included New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's ban of the sale of any cup or bottle of sweetened drink larger than 16 fluid ounces, the recent Aurora, Colorado, movie theater shooting, and Second Amendment issues. The event was held in a tent at the Kiowa Creek Sporting Club, with many of the attendees smoking cigarettes and drinking beer. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307544-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307544-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Retired Justice Sandra Day O Connor testified on her efforts to educate young people in civics through her iCivics organization. Some of the other issues she addressed were state election of judges, public confidence in the judiciary, and cameras in the Supreme Court. When asked by Senator Leahy about displeasure among conservatives on Chief Justice Roberts' decision to uphold the health care law, she said the criticism was "unfortunate" and demonstrates citizens' "lack of understanding" about the judiciary. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307242-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307242-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Musician Lady Gaga's mother Cynthia Germanotta described the bullying her daughters experienced growing up, and how it led to the creation of their "Born This Way Foundation". She was joined by President Obama's adviser Valerie Jarrett, who described the work being done on the federal level to end bullying. A video was shown of Secretary Duncan announcing a contest for young people to make public service announcement videos. "A Kinder and Braver World for Our Youth: How Do We Get There?" was part of the third annual Federal Partners in Bullying Prevention Summit, held at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Safe and Healthy Students in conjunction with the departments of Justice, Health and Human Services, Defense, Agriculture, the Interior, the Federal Trade Commission, the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and the National Council on Disability. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307478-4 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307478-4 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Justice Antonin Scalia discussed his book, [Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts], co-authored by Bryan Garner, that makes a case for a return to a more scrupulous and attentive approach to the words of legal texts. He defined the meaning of textualism as it relates to interpreting laws and the meanings of the words originalism and strict constructionism as they apply to constitutional law. He cautioned that individuals should read entire judicial opinions before reaching any conclusion about a particular judge's fairness. In this interview he discussed his opposition to cameras in the Supreme Court chamber. He responded to video clips and talked about criticism from the press, saying that he responds by not commenting or by writing letters to the editor and throwing them away. Antonin Scalia was nominated by President Reagan to the Court and approved in the Senate by a vote of 98-0 in September 1986. He was a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307035-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307035-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Thomas Perez testified on the Justice Department's approach to enforcing voting rights laws. Republicans contended that the Justice Department was partisan in the civil rights cases it chose to pursue. The Civil Rights Division in the preceding year had filed suits against a number of states for new voting requirements including Florida for purging the voter rolls and most recently Pennsylvania for new voter identification requirements. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307263-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307263-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Next on American History TV, a panel of professors looks at the history behind the 14th Amendment and its grant of birthright citizenship. Topics include what constituted citizenship in the pre-Civil War era, the debate in Congress and in the states over the Citizenship Clause, and the political consequences of that clause through U.S. history. This discussion was part of a conference on birthright citizenship hosted by the University of Maryland's Center for the History of the New America. It's about two hours. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305229-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305229-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama commented on the movie theater shootings the previous evening in Aurora, Colorado. In what was to be a campaign stop, he offered condolences to the victims' families, said the federal government stood by to offer any assistance needed, and shared a moment of silence with the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307177-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/307177-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Supreme Court reporters reviewed the 2011-12 term. Among the topics they covered were the consistency of the justices on First Amendment issues, rulings against the government in life sentences for juveniles, allowing police to track someone by global positioning systems, and plea bargaining cases. They discussed the Affordable Care Act ruling, the health care law, at length. Of Chief Justice Roberts' vote on health care, David Savage said, "...eight of the nine voted as you would have guessed.... Only one justice voted in a way that you wouldn't have guessed....It seems to me the last person you ought to say that made a decision that's political is John Roberts." http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306898-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306898-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Henry Waxman (D-CA), a key player in passing the Affordable Health Care Act, talked about the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the law. Other topics included Republican leaders' pledge to repeal the law, the Keystone XL Pipeline, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) budget, and Republican efforts to block the EPA from making new rules about greenhouse gas emissions. Following his remarks journalist commented on the interview. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306839-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306839-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Constitutional and health law scholars, practitioners and commentators talked about the Supreme Court decision that the Affordable Care Act, the health care law, is constitutional. The court ruled in favor of the statute based on Congress' power to levy taxes. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306850-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306850-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder reacted to the House vote in favor of holding him in contempt of Congress for failing to comply with a subpoena for documents related to the FBI's "Fast and Furious" operation. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306840-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306840-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama reacted to the Supreme Court decision to uphold the Affordable Care Act, the health care law. He called the decision a "victory" for the American people and outlined ways in which the law would benefit citizens. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306816-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306816-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Governor Jan Brewer reacted to the Supreme Court's ruling on Arizona's immigration law. She said the legislation was "vindicated" and the "heart" of the bill was upheld. She also said she expected the law to be challenged with future lawsuits. The court upheld the provision that requires police officers review a person's immigration status if they suspect that person is in the country illegally. The court, however, rejected three others provisions, ruling that the state cannot criminalize illegal immigrants seeking work, allow officers to arrest people without a warrant if the officer has probably cause to believe the person is an illegal immigrant, and make it a crime for immigrants to be in Arizona without their immigration papers. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306771-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306771-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT House Speaker Boehner gave his weekly legislative briefing. He talked about the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee vote to find Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt of Congress, saying, "Americans deserve the truth of what happened in the FBI's "Fast and Furious" operation. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306705-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306705-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The House Oversight and Government Reform Committee met to consider a report holding Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt of Congress. The committee subpoenaed documents related to the FBI's "Fast and Furious" operation, but the attorney general refused to turn over all the documents. Shortly before the hearing began, President Obama announced that he would execute executive privilege over the documents. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306660-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306660-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The House Oversight and Government Reform Committee met to consider a report holding Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt of Congress. The committee subpoenaed documents related to the FBI's "Fast and Furious" operation, but the attorney general refused to turn over all the documents. The committee voted 23-17 along party lines in favor of the report. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306660-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306660-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Eric Holder testified at an oversight hearing. Much of the hearing focused on national security leaks and the government's "Fast and Furious" operation aimed at arresting members of drug cartels. Senator John Cornyn (R-TX) said the attorney general should resign over his handling of the operation and his decision to appoint U.S. attorneys to investigate the alleged leaks. Attorney General Holder said he wanted to sit down with congressional investigators and find a way to avoid a contempt citation related to "Fast and Furious." http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306537-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306537-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens spoke at the American Law Institute annual meeting. He talked about more recent Court decisions, such as [Bush v. Gore] and redistricting cases. He called the redistricting cases "obvious gerrymandering" and a category of "intentional discrimination" against voters. Afterward, he answered questions from the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306147-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/306147-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in [Arizona v. U.S.]. The case involves the issue of whether the federal government or states have the right to enforce immigration law. Arizona's law includes provisions requiring police to check the immigration status of anyone detained or suspected of being in the country illegally. Immigrants must carry their papers at all times. Illegal immigrants are banned from soliciting for work in public places and police can arrest immigrants without a warrant if an officer believes they have committed a crime that would make them deportable. Justice Elena Kagan recused herself from the Supreme Court oral argument as she was President Obama's solicitor general when the federal government filed the lawsuit against Arizona. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305611-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305611-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Matthew Shimura's video, [The Constitution and the Camps: Due Process and the Japanese-American Internment], was the grand prize winner in C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam documentary contest. He is a ninth grader at Punahou School in Honolulu. The local cable company was Time Warner. C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam video documentary contest was a national competition in which middle and high school students produced a documentary focusing on the significance of any provision of the U.S. Constitution. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304715-27 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304715-27 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Carl Colglazier was interviewed about his video, [Intellectual Property]. The film was the first-prize high school winner in C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam documentary contest. He is in ninth grade and is homeschooled in Cary, North Carolina. Daniel Brenner also took part in the program, discussing patents, copyrights,and intellectual property laws from a constitutional perspective. Carl and Mr. Brenner responded to viewer phone calls and electronic communications as well. C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam video documentary contest was a national competition in which middle and high school students produced a documentary focusing on the significance of any provision of the U.S. Constitution. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305677-6 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305677-6 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Leo Pfeiffer was interviewed about his video on free speech and the First Amendment, [Who Owns Free Speech]. The film was the middle school first prize winner of C-SPAN's StudentCam documentary contest. James Duff talked about the First Amendment, free speech issues, and the responsibilities of the press. Mr. Pfeiffer and Mr. Duff both responded to viewer phone calls and electronic communications. C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam video documentary contest was a national competition in which middle and high school students produced a documentary focusing on the significance of any provision of the U.S. Constitution. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305644-7 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305644-7 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Current and former Arizona state officials testified on the constitutionality of their state's immigration law and its impact on the state's Latino community. Following the end of the hearing, one of the witnesses, Russell Pearce, who was one of the chief author's of the law, spoke with reporters. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305622-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305622-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Witnesses testified on racial profiling and state immigration laws in Alabama and Arizona, relations between law enforcement and African-Americans, as well as anti-terrorism efforts that target American Muslims. One of the witnesses was Senator Benjamin Cardin (D-MD), who had introduced legislation called the 'End Racial Profiling Act'. Witnesses also talked about closing loopholes in the U.S. Department of Justice's racial profiling guidance, and the Justice Department Civil Rights Division's enforcement of federal civil rights laws to prevent profiling by state and local law enforcement agencies. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305489-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305489-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder spoke at the annual convention of the National Action Network. In addition to Department of Justice initiatives on voting rights and criminal sentencing discrepancies on drug offenses, he also talked about the Trayvon Martin case. He promised a fair and independent review of the case, plus legal action if warranted. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305391-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305391-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Megan Mills, Laura Seitz, and Sinclair Richards' video, [Freedom of Speech - A Memory?], was one of the middle school section third prize winners in C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam documentary contest. They are eighth graders at McKinley Middle School in Racine, Wisconsin. The local cable company was Time Warner. C-SPAN Classroom's StudentCam video documentary contest was a national competition in which middle and high school students produced a documentary focusing on the significance of any provision of the U.S. Constitution. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304715-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304715-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the fourth of the four cases challenging the 2010 health care law. The fourth case, [Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services], focused on whether the law's proposed Medicaid expansion violates the federal-state partnership. The Court heard a total of 6 hours of argument over March 26, 27, and 28, 2012. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305134-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305134-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the third of the four cases challenging the 2010 health care law. The focus of the third case, [National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius], was severability; whether the remainder of the health care law could stand if the individual mandate provision is found unconstitutional. This argument was unusual in that the Court debated the consequences of a decision that it had not yet made. The Court heard a total of 6 hours of argument over March 26, 27, and 28, 2012. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305134-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305134-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT David Cole previewed Supreme Court oral arguments on severability, whether the remainder of the 2010 health care law can stand if the individual mandate provision is found unconstitutional. He also responded to telephone calls and electronic communications. Three attorneys were interviewed outside the Supreme Court building about their interests in the health care law cases. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305080-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305080-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the second of the four cases challenging the 2010 health care law law. The case, [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida], focused on the constitutionality of the individual mandate provision of the Affordable Care Act which required that citizens purchase health care coverage by 2014 or face a financial penalty. The Court heard a total of 6 hours of argument over March 26, 27, and 28, 2012. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305077-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305077-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Law Professors Akhil Reed Amar and Stephen Presser talked about the constitutionality of the individual mandate provision of the 2010 health care law which required that citizens purchase health care coverage by 2014 or face a financial penalty. They responded to telephone calls and electronic communications from viewers. Protesters for and against the law were interviewed outside the Court building. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305079-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305079-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the first of the four cases challenging the 2010 health care law. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida] examined the Anti-Injunction Act (AIA), a law that prohibited courts from striking down tax laws before they take effect. Attorney Robert Long was appointed by the Court to argue that the AIA applied in this case, as none of the parties to the case was arguing that the AIA barred the Court from reviewing the challenges. The Court heard a total of 6 hours of argument over March 26, 27, and 28, 2012. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305055-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305055-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT David Savage gave an overview of the arguments the Supreme Court will be hearing on the 2010 health care law, and he answered phone calls and electronic communications from viewers. He previewed the arguments the Court will hear, talked about the significance of the case, historical precedents, the individual mandate in the law, and other topics. Dr. Michael Newman was interviewed outside the Supreme Court building about the reasons he supports the health care law. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305078-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305078-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorneys Andrew Pincus and Ilya Somin previewed the Supreme Court oral argument on the constitutionality of the 2010 health care law. They outlined the legal principles the Court will examine during each day of the three days of argument. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304888-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304888-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Tim Weiner discussed [Enemies: A History of the FBI], his book on the FBI's 100-year hidden history of war against terrorists, spies, and ultimately any person or group deemed subversive. He revealed secretly taped conversations FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover had with Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. He wrote about the agency's predominantly illegal secret intelligence and surveillance techniques such as wire-tapping, break-ins, and burglaries. He researched recently declassified documents that included Mr. Hoover's personal intelligence files. He scrutinized over 200 oral histories of current and former FBI agents. In this interview Mr. Weiner discussed his early career as a reporter, including his [Kansas City Times]' coverage of the 1981 collapse of an atrium skywalk at the Hyatt Hotel, which won him and his team a Pulitzer Prize. His second Pulitzer was received for investigative journalism on black budget spending while employed by the [Philadelphia Inquirer]. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304522-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304522-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Holder testified on his department's fiscal year 2013 budget. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304814-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304814-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder explained the Obama administration's legal justification for killing an American-born al-Qaida operative in Yemen. In his speech he said the decision to kill a U.S. citizen living abroad who poses a terrorist threat is legal and sometimes necessary in the war on terror. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304749-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304749-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Charles Evans, Jr., talked about [Addiction Incorporated], the documentary film he produced and directed about former Philip Morris research scientist Victor DeNoble. The film chronicles DeNoble's unexpected discovery of an ingredient in tobacco which, when coupled with nicotine, makes cigarettes more addictive. The company's attempts to keep this information private led to a hearing by a subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee. The movie details how this public revelation of DeNoble's findings led journalists, politicians, attorneys, and scientists to join forces against the tobacco industry; leading to the first ever federal regulation of the tobacco industry. Mr. Evans discussed how and why he went about making the film, which began when he first watched Mr. DeNoble's testimony on C-SPAN in 1994. Victor DeNoble talked about growing up in New York, his early work at the Philip Morris Company, and what it was like to testify before Congress on a controversial subject. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304079-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304079-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Panelists previewed Supreme Court oral arguments on the constitutionality of the 2010 health care law, focusing on its requirement that all Americans buy health insurance. Michael Carvin and Paul Clement asserted that the law does not have any limiting principles, reasoning that if Congress has the power to force citizens to buy health insurance, then, Congress can force them to buy anything, such as cars or certain foods. Akhil Amar and Neal Katyal disagreed, with Mr. Katyal arguing that health care differs because everyone will have to use health care services at some point in their lives. Following their discussion,, they answered questions from the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304464-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304464-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Witnesses testified about proposed legislation to require the Supreme Court to permit video recording and broadcast of all open court proceedings. The bill provided that justices could disallow cameras in the courtroom when questions of due process were at issue. Senators voted 11-7 to allow the legislation to move forward. Senators Grassley and Cornyn voted with Democrats to allow cameras, while Senator Feinstein voted with Republicans to not force the Court to allow cameras. In her remarks she said, "I vote no, because the Court does not want this. We should not tell the Supreme Court what to do." http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304338-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304338-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder testified on the government's gun smuggling sting "Operation Fast and Furious." A The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ran the operation between 2009 and 2010 with the goal of bringing arms smuggling charges against Mexican drug cartel members. In the hearing Chair Issa and his Republican colleagues said that Justice Department officials were suppressing evidence of the gun-walking tactics used in the operation, which ultimately allowed hundreds of weapons to flow from the U.S. to violent Mexican drug cartels. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304155-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/304155-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Holder opened a day-long symposium on children and violence. Following his remarks panelists spoke to members of the National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence about the levels of exposure, the impact of exposure of violence to children, and efforts to counter the social problems caused by exposure to violence. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302910-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302910-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder testified on the government's gun smuggling sting "Fast and Furious" operation." The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ran the operation between 2009 and 2010 with the goal of bringing arms smuggling charges against Mexican drug cartel members. In the process, hundreds of firearms were allowed the cross the border, and later found at various crime scenes in the U.S. and Mexico. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303082-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303082-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Defense Department officials testified on homegrown terrorism, specifically threats to U.S. bases and the military community. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303057-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303057-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The House and Senate Homeland Security Committees held a joint hearing to look at homegrown terrorism, specifically threats to U.S. military community. Daris Long was the father of the late U.S. Army Private William Andrew Long, who was shot and killed in a 2009 terrorist attack on a military recruiting center in Little Rock, Arkansas. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303057-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303057-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT The Senate Committee on the Judiciary heard testimony on bipartisan legislation introduced by Senators Durbin and Grassley mandating the Supreme Court televise its open proceedings. Proponents of the bill said it would enhance accountability, transparency and public understanding of the judicial system. Opponents said it would only tempt attorneys to play to the cameras, allow video clips to be taken out of context, and possibly mislead the public. Following the hearing, Subcommittee Chair Klobuchar spoke to reporters. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303028-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/303028-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Republican 2012 presidential candidate Herman Cain spoke with reporters in response to sexual harassment accusations against him made by several women. He denied all charges against him. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302583-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302583-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder testified at an oversight hearing. In his opening statement Mr. Holder addressed the controversy surrounding the Fast and Furious Operation, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives program that allowed guns to "walk" across the U.S. border into Mexico in an effort to locate major weapons traffickers, rather than catching the low-level buyers. He said the program was "flawed," both in its conception and execution, "should have never happened," and would not happen again. He also said his department never knowingly provided false information to Congress about it. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302569-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302569-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano testified at a Senate Judiciary Committee oversight hearing focusing on U.S. immigration policy. Among the topics she addressed were a planned review of deportation policies, transportation and airport security, border security, and cyber security. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302173-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302173-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Anita Hill gave the keynote address at a conference on the 20th anniversary of her testimony to a congressional committee. She alleged that future Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her with his use of language while she worked for him. This program was part of a conference on the 20th anniversary of Professor Hill's testimony. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302079-4 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302079-4 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Following opening remarks, panelists talked about what happened in the 1991 Senate confirmation hearing in which Professor Anita Hill testified that future Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her with his use of language while she worked for him. This program was part of a conference on the 20th anniversary of Professor Hill's testimony. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302079-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302079-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT James Risen talked about prosecutions of reporters and others involved in the leak and publishing of national security information. He had refused to testify before two grand juries investigating leaks that revealed secret warrantless eavesdropping by the National Security Agency on American citizens. Former Secretary of State and National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice could testify at a criminal trial later in the month of an ex-Central Intelligence Agency officer accused of leaking highly classified information to Mr. Risen. He also responded to questions from the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301924-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301924-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Justices Breyer and Scalia testified on the role of judges in the American republic and democratic systems within the U.S. Question topics included the politicization of the judicial confirmation process, cameras in the courtroom, the role of juries, and the 14th Amendment. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301909-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301909-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Ken Burns talked about his PBS series, [Prohibition], which chronicles the ratification, implementation, and eventual repeal of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, as well as the era in which the movement took place. He also responded to questions from the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301854-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301854-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Actor Richard Dreyfuss talked about the debates and the importance of compromise in the crafting of the U.S. Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. He emphasized the importance of the Constitution for American democracy today. Richard Dreyfuss and The Dreyfuss Initiative promote civics in American schools. He also responded to questions from members of the audience and was seen talking with audience members after the program. "The Constitutional Convention and the Miracle of Democracy" is the title of the Constitution Day lecture at the Robert C. Byrd Center for Legislative Studies on the campus of Shepherd University. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301543-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301543-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT John Brennan was interviewed by Fran Townsend about the status of U.S. homeland security ten years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Among the topics he addressed were intelligence reform, cyber security, federal funding, and the effort to kill Osama bin Laden. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301410-4 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301410-4 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Peter Bergen and Daveed Gartenstein-Ross debated the question of whether the United States is safer in the present than before September 11, 2001. They talked about lessons learned from the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks and the threats of domestic terrorists and the future of al-Qaeda since the killing of Osama bin Laden. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301326-5 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301326-5 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT A former Baltimore homicide detective and an investigative crime reporter took an in-depth look at killings in Baltimore, where there are an average of 250 murders a year, in an effort to shed some light on how to stop it. The authors were joined in discussion by their editor. Mr. Ray moderated as they also responded to questions from members of the audience at Atomic Books in Baltimore. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300999-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300999-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano spoke about the current state of homeland security and her department's "If You See Something, Say Something" campaign. She talked about the role of both the public and private sector in making the country more secure. At the end of her remarks she showed a 30 second public service announcement from the "If You See Something, Say Something" campaign, and she took questions from the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301081-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/301081-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT In his book [Figures of Speech], William Bennett Turner examines American's relationship with the First Amendment through numerous court cases that have shaped the country's current understandings of free speech. Mr. Turner, a former lawyer who has argued cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, looks at the dichotomy between freedom of speech and popular values in cases that range from Jehovah's Witnesses rights to proselytize to pornographer Larry Flynt's obscenity charges. At this event he talked about Julian Assange and the WikiLeaks affair, which occurred too late to be included in the book. Mr. Turner showed numerous slides during his presentation and then responded to questions from members of the audience. "Wikileaks & the First Amendment" was a Public Affairs Endowed Lecture at The Fromm Institute for Lifelong Learning at San Francisco University. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300690-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300690-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Journalists reviewed the 2010-2011 Supreme Court term. Topics included [Wal-Mart case v. Dukes], the views of "living" versus "original intent" constitutional interpretations, the impact of Justice Elena Kagan, and upcoming cases, including the 2010 health care law cases currently being heard in circuit courts around the country. Mr. Doyle spoke at length about Justice Kagan, including her relationship with Chief Justice Roberts, the quality of her writing, and her role in oral argument. The program includes questions and answers between audience members and panelists. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300357-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300357-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Chief Justice John Roberts spoke about the workings of the Supreme Court, his role as chief justice, federal court budgets, and cameras in the courtroom. He also responded to questions from the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300203-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300203-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Ronald Welch testified at a hearing on a government sting operation aimed at gun smugglers known as "Operation Fast and Furious." He responded to questions about allegations that that weapons supplied by the government to gun smugglers as part of the operation ended up in the possession of Mexican drug cartels, saying the charges have given rise to "serious questions," but refused to say who authorized the program, citing ongoing investigations. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300051-3 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300051-3 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Witnesses testified about Justice Department refusals to comply with congressional subpoenas. Among the topics they addressed were the history of congressional subpoenas, executive privilege, and an incident in which the Justice Department redacted information given to Congress about a program aimed at stopping gun trafficking in Mexico. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300000-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/300000-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Attorney General Eric Holder said alleged September 11 plotters would be tried by the military instead of the Justice Department. In his remarks he accused Congress of undermining counterterrorism efforts by passing laws that prevented trials in U.S. federal courts. He also said the Justice Department was better equipped than Congress to make decisions about the best way to try terrorist suspects. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298841-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298841-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Piracy experts from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, and Royal Canadian Navy talked about recent international piracy incidents and how civil unrest and poverty are contributing to the rise in piracy. Topics included anti-piracy tactics and prosecution problems. They also answered questions from members of the audience. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298371-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298371-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Secretary Janet Napolitano testified about the fiscal year 2012 Homeland Security Department budget request. She also reiterated her concerns about cuts to programs in her department contained in the U.S. House's 2011 budget bill. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298249-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298249-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Producer Mick Caouette talked about his documentary on former Senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The film is the story of his life with emphasis on his leadership role in the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The documentary also features video from his political years running for the Senate, vice-president, and president. The program featured clips from the documentary. Producer Mick Caouette started working on the documentary eleven years ago, and it was released in the fall of 2010. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/297821-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/297821-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT [The Supreme Court: Home to America's Highest Court] takes an unprecedented look into the Supreme Court, its role, traditions and history of the Court featuring interviews with all the sitting and retired Justices. This program is available to purchase on DVD at c-span.org/store This is the original version of the program which aired in 2009. A later edition with an interview with Justice Elena Kagan was produced in 2010. Program ID 297213-1. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289229-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289229-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Mark Farkas talked about C-SPAN's documentary on the U.S. Supreme Court, and told the story of how the documentary was developed. All nine justices and two retired justices were interviewed to tell the story of how the Supreme Court operates and to give viewers an unprecedented look inside the building in which they do their work. The program featured video clips from the interviews with the justices that were not included in the documentary. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289210-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289210-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT President Obama military leaders, and clergy delivered remarks at a memorial service for the 13 people killed in a shooting at Fort Hood, Texas on November 4. President Obama praised the victims for their service and said that the legacy of the dead will live beyond their "incomprehensible" slayings. The boots, helmets and rifles and service photographs of the slain soldiers were lined up before the podium where President Obama spoke, and family members of the dead wore white ribbons as they were escorted to seats at the ceremony. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289929-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289929-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Justices Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Antonin Scalia, and Sandra Day O'Connor were interviewed as part of C-SPAN's Supreme Court Week. Justice Kennedy gave his impressions on the role of the Supreme Court, the process that the Justices follow in reaching a decision, and the importance of the building in which they do their work. Justice Kennedy was interviewed in the West Conference Room of the Supreme Court. Justice Ginsburg gave a tour of her temporary chambers on the second floor of the Supreme Court building. During the tour, she talked about her career before coming to the court, her family, and her friendship with Justice Antonin Scalia. She also showed her judicial robes and talked about the lighter side of life at the court. Justice Scalia spoke about a number of topics, ranging from the role of the court, the job of a Supreme Court justice, the process that justices follow in reaching a decision, and his thoughts on the quality of the attorneys who come before the court for oral argument. He was interviewed in the East Conference Room at the Supreme Court. Former Justice O'Connor talked about the role the Founding Fathers envisioned for the Supreme Court. She also talked about the judicial collars that female justices wear, the Robing Room, and oral argument. The interview took place in the West Conference Room of the Supreme Court. [Interviews with Justices Sotomayor, Thomas, Breyer and Alito can be viewed and purchased in program 7537-1.] [Interviews with Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Stevens can be viewed and purchased in program 7654-1.] http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7716-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7716-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito were interviewed as part of C-SPAN's Supreme Court Week. In her first television interview since joining the Supreme Court, Justice Sotomayor talked about her first impressions of the job, the acclimation process at the court, her first oral argument experience, and how she intends to be in certain phases of her job. She also discussed the call she received from President Obama asking her to be his nominee to the court and the confirmation hearings that followed. Justice Sotomayor was interviewed in the West Conference Room of the Supreme Court building. Justice Thomas talked about the Supreme Court building and its symbolism, how his approach to oral argument differs from his fellow justices, how he approaches opinion writing, customs of collegiality at the court, and his loss of anonymity, amongst a host of topics. He was interviewed in the East Conference Room of the Supreme Court building. Justice Breyer provided a tour through all three parts of his private chambers as he walked through the entire process of how the Supreme Court works and how it reaches its decisions. He also talked about the history of the building, and gave a window into the private side of a Supreme Court justice as he sat down at the end of the tour to talk about his favorite part of the building - his office. Justice Alito talked about the role of the court, his impressions of the Constitution and of his job. In addition to the process that unfolds at the court in making decisions, he talked about the role of the junior justice, something that he's handed over to new Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor. [Interviews with Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Scalia and O'Connor can be viewed and purchased in program 7716-1.] [Interviews with Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Stevens can be viewed and purchased in program 7654-1.] http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7537-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7537-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice John Paul Stevens were interviewed as part of C-SPAN's Supreme Court Week. Chief Justice Roberts talked about a wide variety of topics, including the history of the court, its role in society, the role of the chief justice, and the process that unfolds at the Supreme Court - from how the court decides which cases to hear and how they ultimately decide these cases. The interview took place in the East Conference Room of the Supreme Court. Justice John Paul Stevens gave a guided tour through the three distinct parts of his chambers. He began in the area where his law clerks work, then went to the area where his assistants sit as he talked about many personal items on the walls. Finally, Justice Stevens went to his private chamber to talk about other personal items in his office, and the role of a Supreme Court justice and his thoughts on the process that unfolds at the court. [Interviews with Justices Sotomayor, Thomas, Breyer and Alito can be viewed and purchased in program 7537-1.] [Interviews with Justices Kennedy, Ginsberg, Scalia and O'Connor can be viewed and purchased in program 7716-1.] http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7654-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/7654-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Two attorneys talked about the numerous cases they have argued in front of the Supreme Court at oral argument. Drew Days III was the U.S. Solicitor General from 1993-96 during the Clinton Administration. Former Supreme Court Law Clerk and current appellate attorney Maureen Mahoney has argued 22 cases in front of the court, winning 21 of them for her clients. Both of them talk about preparation for oral argument, and what the experience itself is like in the Supreme Court Chamber. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289326-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289326-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Journalists and authors Lyle Denniston and Joan Biskupic talked about their impressions of covering the Court, the process that unfolds there, the role of the Chief Justice, and the impact that a new member of the Court potentially has. Lyle Denniston has covered the Supreme Court for over 50 years and currently works for SCOTUS blog. Joan Biscupic currently writes for USA Today and has written about the Supreme Court since 1989. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289293-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289293-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT At the start of the 2009-2010 Supreme Court term, Justices rejected almost 2,000 cases for appeals while agreeing to hear 55 cases so far. On the third installment of C-SPAN's Supreme Court Week, Clerk of the Supreme Court William Suter explains the process to get cases heard before the Court and his job during oral argument. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289320-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289320-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT In the first part of the program historian Jim O'Hara talked about the idea behind creating a new building for the Supreme Court. Built in the early 1930's and opened in 1935, it's biggest champion was former President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft. However, when it opened, 7 of the 9 Justices refused to move into their new chambers in the building. In the second part of the program Frank Gilbert talked about his grandfather, Justice Louis Brandeis, one of the seven who preferred the prior location of the Court in the U.S. Capitol. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289299-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289299-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT Former Supreme Court Justice David Souter spoke at a Constitution Day celebration at his alma mater, Harvard University. He talked about the document's modern day relevance, his decision-making process, the role of judges, and what he plans to do in his retirement. Noah Feldman moderated. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/288993-2 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/288993-2 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT FBI Director Robert Mueller testified about bureau operations and programs, including mortgage fraud investigations, the terror alert system, counterterrorism operations, health care and Medicare fraud, and the results of an inspector general's report. In his testimony he addressed recent news media reports about persistent feuding between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, despite repeated efforts by the Justice Department to settle the conflict. The reports found the conflicts have led agents to race each other to crime scenes, withhold information from each other, and refuse to train together. He also talked about efforts to resolve the problems. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/288949-1 info@c-spanarchives.org (National Cable Satellite Corporation) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/288949-1 Wed, 22 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT